Predators munch on crown-of-thorns starfish

University of Queensland scientists have identified natural predators which could help fight outbreaks of the coral-eating crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) on the Great Barrier Reef.

PhD candidate Amelia Desbiens from UQ’s School of Biological Sciences tested more than 100 species of crabs, shrimps, worms, snails, and small fishes and found one species was a standout at eating juvenile COTS.

“The red decorator crab - or Schizophrys aspera - was by far the most consistent predator consuming COTS in 89 per cent of the feeding trials,” Ms Desbiens said.

closeup of a brown crab on a textured surface

A Schizophrys aspera crab eats small pink juvenile COTS in a tank.

A Schizophrys aspera crab eats small pink juvenile COTS in a tank.

“We were surprised by its voracity - each red decorator crab devoured more than five COTS per day while most other species barely ate a single one.

“It’s one of the best predators of COTS we’ve seen and could be a natural buffer against future outbreaks on the reef.

“We also saw 10 other species of crabs eat juvenile COTS fairly consistently, while other animals, including the short-tailed latirus sea snail and the iridescent fireworm, were less enthusiastic eaters.”

Coral rubble or dead coral is the preferred home of juvenile COTS, so the researchers searched for and collected potential predators that had, until now, flown under the radar.

They then introduced juvenile COTS to the predators in small tanks and observed their feeding behaviour over several days.

A small cream-coloured crab holding a tiny pink starfish between its pincers

A juvenile COTS in the claws of a swimming crab during feeding experiments. Image: K Wolfe

A juvenile COTS in the claws of a swimming crab during feeding experiments. Image: K Wolfe

Ms Desbiens said it had been suspected that the presence of specific predators could explain why some reefs escape COTS outbreaks.

“One of the problems is that predators and their rates of predation on COTS aren’t well understood,” she said.

“Few animals successfully eat adult COTS but they are vulnerable when young because they are small and lack toxic spines to defend themselves.

A star-shaped pink blob on a colourful rock-like surface

A juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish.

A juvenile crown-of-thorns starfish.

“This makes it the perfect time for predators to strike and it is an opportunity for researchers and managers to understand a natural process that could reduce COTS numbers.

“COTS are mass-reproducers and can develop into large populations so it’s vital we find a way to deal with outbreaks quickly.”

Researcher Amelia Desbiens collects specimens from coral rubble. Image: K. Wolfe

A person with an air tank on their back underwater lifting pieces of coral debris

Senior author, Dr Kenny Wolfe said research into the role the red decorator crab plays in helping to protect coral reefs would continue.

“We’d like to conduct broader surveys on the Great Barrier Reef across areas with and without outbreaks to evaluate whether the presence of this crab can help predict the chance of COTS gaining a foothold,” Dr Wolfe said.

“This preliminary study sets us on the right path to resolving the role naturally existing predators could play in controlling COTS outbreaks.”

A large, tentacled spikey mass sits over a textured surface

An adult COTS consuming coral near Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Image: Tania Kenyon

An adult CoTS consuming coral near Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef. Image: Tania Kenyon

This research is published in Coral Reefs.

Funding support was provided by the COTS Control and Innovation Program, which is funded by the partnership between the Australian Government’s Reef Trust and the Great Barrier Reef Foundation.

Images and video available via Dropbox.

Media: Amelia Desbiens, a.desbiens@uq.edu.au, +61 450 551 435; Dr Kenny Wolfe, k.wolfe@uq.edu.au, +61 424 184 483; Faculty of Science Media, science.media@uq.edu.au, +61 438 162 687.